home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- THE CRITIQUE OF
- THE PANAMA CANAL:
- The Crisis in Historical Perspective
-
-
- American Foreign Policy
- November 30, 1994
- In 1825, a group of American businesspeople announced the
- formation of a canal building company, with interests in constructing a
- canal system across the Isthmus. This project was to take place in an
- area now called Panama. The endeavor was filled with controversy.
- Though the canal itself was not built until the early 1900's every step
- toward the building and ownership, was saturated with difficulty.
- Walter LaFeber illustrates the dilemmas in a historical analysis. In
- his work he states five questions that address the significance of the
- Panama Canal to United States. This paper will discuss the historical
- perspective of the book's author, address pertinent three questions and
- give a critique of LaFeber's work, The Panama Canal.
- For proper historical analysis one must understand the
- importance of the Canal. The Panama Canal and the Canal Zone (the
- immediate area surrounding the Canal) are important areas used for
- trade. Even before the canal was built there were to large ports on
- both sides of the Isthmus. Large amounts of cargo passed through the
- Isthmus by a railroad that connected the two ports. The most important
- cargo was the gold mined in California before the transcontinental
- railroad was completed in the United States. It has strategic
- significance because of its location, acting as a gateway connecting the
- Pacific and Atlantic oceans. This allows for rapid naval deployment
- between fleets in either ocean. These two facets make the Panama Canal
- very important in the region.
- LaFeber notes that Panamanian nationalism played a large role in
- the creation of the canal and, consequently, the cause for the area's
- constant instability. The first expression occurred in the late 1800's
- with Panamanian struggle for independence from Columbia. The United
- States eager to build the canal, and control its operation, used and
- backed Panamanian nationalist. During the Roosevelt administration, not
- only did the United States manipulate factors isolating Panama from
- other world powers through the Monroe Doctrine; but it committed troops
- aiding the revolutionaries against another sovereign state. The reason
- this is a surprise is because the Roosevelt administration normally held
- a position favoring stability. The United States had no legal right to
- use force against Columbia.
- Nationalism came back to haunt the United States. With the
- treaty signed and a 99-year lease given to the United States, the Canal
- was built. Since then, the United States has varied on its stance of
- ownership and the principles of sovereignty concerning the Canal. The
- ever persistent debate of who owns the Canal and who should have
- sovereign control over it, has not been solved. The United States has
- occasionally attempted to "claim" the Canal zone through various methods
- such as military occupation, exclusion of Panamanians for important jobs
- in Canal operations and even through the customary aspect of
- international law. However, each time the Panamanians have managed to
- maintain claim to the Canal despite the United State's imperialistic
- posturing to get it.
- The most recent and notorious of the United States' attempts to
- annex the Canal Zone was during the Reagan administration. President
- Reagan said that the Canal Zone could be equated as a sovereign
- territory equal to that of Alaska. The question here is, was he
- correct? LaFeber points out that, "the United States does not own the
- Zone or enjoy all sovereign rights in it." He uses the treaty of 1936 in
- Article III that states, "The Canal Zone is the territory of the
- Republic of Panama under the jurisdiction of the United States." The
- entire topic was summed up neatly by Ellsworth Bunker, a negotiator in
- the region, when he said, "We bought Louisiana; we bought Alaska. In
- Panama we bought not territory, but rights."
- A second important question, is the Canal a vital interest to
- the United States? LaFeber gives three points suggesting that it is
- not. First, the importance of the Canal decreased after 1974, because
- of the end of the Vietnam War and all related military traffic ceased.
- Second, is the age of the antique machinery dating back to 1914.
- Inevitably the machinery will need to be replaced. Lastly, the size of
- the new tankers and cargo ships. The capacity of the canal is too small
- to handle such a large amount of tonnage. These are viable factors;
- however, the first argument is concerning whether a war is taking place.
- It is circumstantial in providing a solid reason for increased traffic
- through the Zone. This can easily change through and emergence of a new
- conflict or trading habits of other countries.
- Thirdly, why have the Panamanians insisted on assuming total
- control of the Canal. The Panamanians are making millions of dollars
- annually and the United States run the Canal efficiently. LaFeber
- points in the direction of economics as the principal factor and
- nationalism as secondary. The Panamanians fear the amount of reliance
- they have on U.S. investments. The fear is enhanced by the large
- dependence of their national economy on MNC's, American banks and mining
- companies. LaFeber continues saying that Panamanians find it difficult
- to cross the Zone because of check points and resent their country being
- split in half. Continuing he asserts that perhaps if the Panamanians
- were to have complete control the Zone the amount of revenue would
- increase. Panamanians could also develop spinoff industries such as
- drydocks and ship building creating an increase in profits.
- Walter LaFeber develops a persuasive argument for the
- interpretation of historical events surrounding the creation of the
- Panama Canal. As is consistent with other LaFeber's works, his research
- and fact finding technique in The Panama Canal is complete if not
- exhaustive. He presents an objective outlook on issues surrounding the
- Canal. He uses a historical approach in presenting his contribution to
- a subject that is lacking in information and scholarly examination.
- In conclusion, this paper has addressed the historical
- perspective that the author of the book used. A discussion also
- included three important questions concerning the Canal, its importance
- and the relationship between the United States and Panama. Furthermore,
- this paper examines the effectiveness and usefulness of LaFeber's, The
- Panama Canal.
-